| 12 | Defines "State" | Explains what bodies come under government control. This is important because fundamental rights apply against the State. | Rajasthan Electricity Board v Mohan Lal |
| 13 | Laws against Fundamental Rights are void | Any law that goes against fundamental rights is not valid (not legally accepted). | Keshavananda Bharati v State of Kerala |
| 14 | Equality before law | Everyone is equal in front of law. No unfair treatment by government. | Maneka Gandhi v Union of India |
| 15 | No discrimination | State cannot treat people unfairly based on religion, caste, sex, or place of birth. | State of Madras v Champakam Dorairajan |
| 16 | Equal job opportunity | Equal chance in government jobs for all citizens. | Indra Sawhney v Union of India |
| 19 | Freedom rights | Gives basic freedoms like speech, movement, and profession. | Romesh Thappar v State of Madras |
| 21 | Right to life and personal liberty | Every person has right to live with dignity (self-respect and basic human value). | Maneka Gandhi v Union of India |
| 21A | Right to education | Free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14 years. | Mohini Jain v State of Karnataka |
| 25 | Freedom of religion | People can follow and practice any religion freely. | Shirur Mutt Case |
| 32 | Right to constitutional remedies | Citizens can go to Supreme Court if their rights are violated. | Romesh Thappar v State of Madras |
| 226 | Power of High Courts | High Courts can issue orders (writs) to protect rights. | L. Chandra Kumar v Union of India |
| 136 | Special leave to appeal | Supreme Court can hear appeals in special cases. | Pritam Singh v State |
| 141 | Law declared by Supreme Court | Supreme Court decisions are binding (must be followed) by all courts. | Union of India v Raghubir Singh |
| 142 | Complete justice | Supreme Court can pass any order to ensure full justice. | Supreme Court Bar Association v Union of India |
| 368 | Amendment of Constitution | Explains how the Constitution can be changed (amended). | Keshavananda Bharati v State of Kerala |